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EIGRP stands for Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol.

It is a Cisco-proprietary routing protocol for TCP/IP. It is based on IGRP routing protocol. It has several enhancements to scale the enterprise size network.
Features and characteristics of EIGRP
 It is a Cisco Proprietary routing protocol.  It is based on IGRP Routing protocol.  It is an enhanced version of IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) protocol.  In comparison of IGRP it provides faster convergence times, superior handling of routing loops and improved scalability.  It was released in 1994.  It is a hybrid routing protocol.  It has characteristics of both distance vector and link state protocols.  It uses DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm) algorithm to select the best path.  It uses RTP (Reliable Transport Protocol) to communicate with neighbors.  It uses multicast for routing updates.  It supports IP [Both IPv4 and IPV6], Apple Talk and IPX routed protocols.  It includes subnet mask information in routing updates.  It supports route summarization and discontiguous networks.  It supports VLSM/CIDR.  It supports load balancing across the six routes for a single destination.  It supports trigger updates.
Since EIGRP is hybrid protocol, it has advantages of both link state and distance vector protocol. It uses composite metric calculation formula to select the best route for destination. It sends partial or full update only when something is change in network. It maintains three tables for ultra-fast convergence.
1. Neighbor Table 2. Topology Table 3. Routing Table
Neighbor Table
EIGRP shares routing information only with neighbors. To know who the neighbors are, it uses neighbor table. When a new neighbor is discovered, EIGRP would add its address and interface on which neighbor is connected in neighbor table. EIGRP uses separate neighbor table for each routed protocol.
Topology Table
EIGRP uses this table to store all routes which it learned from neighbors. It contains a list of all destinations and routes advertised by neighboring routers. EIGRP selects single best route for each destination from this list. That route goes in routing table. Remaining routes are marked as backup routes. EIGRP refers selected route as Successor and backup route as Feasible Successor. EIGRP uses separate topology table for each routed protocol.
Routing Table
EIGRP stores single best (Successor) route for each destination in this table. Router uses this table to forward the packet. There is a separate routing table for each routed protocol.
Protocol Dependent Modules
PDMs are the special feature of EIGPR. Through these modules EIGRP supports multiple network layer protocols. It maintains separate tables for separate routed (Network Layer) protocols. For example if you are using both (IPv4 and IPv6) versions of IP protocol, it will maintain separate IPv4/EIGRP and IPv6/EIGRP tables.
DUAL
EIGRP uses DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm) to provide the fastest route convergence among all protocols. Route convergence includes:-
 Selecting best route from all available routes  Supporting VLSMs
 Dynamically recovering from route failure  Finding an alternative route if primary route goes down
DUAL uses topology table along with RTP to accomplish above tasks in minimal time. As we know EIGRP maintain a copy of all routes including neighbors in topology table, so it would be the first place to look for an alternative route in a route failure situation. If EIGRP does not find an alternative here, it will ask neighbors for help. If neighbors have any updates about asked route, they will reply back with that information. This strong mechanism allows DUAL to find and maintain the best routes for destination speedily.
Autonomous System
EIGRP shares routing information only with neighbors. In order to become a neighbor AS number must be matched. AS create a logical boundary for route information. By default router will not propagate route information outside the AS. For example a router which belongs to AS number 10 will not share routing information with the router that belongs to AS number 20 or any other AS numbers except AS number 10. For easy administration a large network may have multiple ASes.
Not all routing protocols understand the concept of AS. Luckily EIGRP not only understand the concept of AS but also supports multiple ASes. We can easily configure multiple AS instance with EIGRP to divide a large network in smaller segments. By default EIGRP routers will not share routing information between different AS.
Redistribution is used to exchange the route information between different ASes. When a route is learned through the redistribution, it has higher AD value than its original source. For example EIGRP has two AD values 90 for interior EIGRP and 170 for exterior EIGRP. Exterior EIGRP means EIGRP instance which has different AS number.
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) Configuration
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) can be configured in a router using the following IOS commands.
Router(config)# router eigrp ASN Router(config-router)# network Network_ID
ASN in the above IOS command stands for Autonomous System Number.
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) - Lab Practice
The following diagram shows our lab setup. We have three routers, three switches and three hosts connected as below. The host names, IP addresses and the interfaces of the routers are shown in diagram. The IP addresses of the hosts are also shown in the diagram.
.
Hostname and IP address configuration in Router01
Connect to Router01 console and use the following IOS commands to configure host name as Router01.
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router(config)#hostname Router01 Router01(config)#
Use the following IOS commands to open the fast ethernet interface Fa0/0 configuration mode on Router01 and configure IP address as 172.16.0.1/16.
Router01>enable Router01#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router01(config)#interface fa0/0 Router01(config-if)#ip address 172.16.0.1 255.255.0.0 Router01(config-if)#no shutdown
Use the following IOS commands to open the serial interface S0/0 configuration mode on Router01 and configure IP address as 172.17.0.1/16. You have to set a clock rate also using the "clock rate" command on S0/0 interface, since this is the DCE side.
Router01>enable Router01#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router01(config)#interface s0/0 Router01(config-if)#clock rate 64000 Router01(config-if)#ip address 172.17.0.1 255.255.0.0 Router01(config-if)#no shutdown
Do remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router.
Hostname and IP address configuration in Router02
Connect to Router02 console and use the following IOS commands to configure host name as Router02.
Router>enable Router#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router(config)#hostname Router02 Router02(config)#
Use the following IOS commands to open the fast ethernet interface Fa0/0 configuration mode on Router02 and configure IP address as 172.18.0.1/16.
Router02>enable Router02#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router02(config)#interface fa0/0 Router02(config-if)#ip address 172.18.0.1 255.255.0.0 Router02(config-if)#no shutdown
Use the following IOS commands to open the serial interface S0/0 configuration mode on Router02 and configure IP address as 172.17.0.2/16.
Router02>enable Router02#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router02(config)#interface s0/0 Router02(config-if)#ip address 172.17.0.2 255.255.0.0 Router02(config-if)#no shutdown
Use the following IOS commands to open the serial interface S0/1 configuration mode on Router02 and configure IP address as 172.19.0.1/16. You have to set a clock rate also using the "clock rate" command on S0/1 interface, since this is the DCE side.
Router02>enable Router02#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router02(config)#interface s0/1 Router02(config-if)#clock rate 64000 Router02(config-if)#ip address 172.19.0.1 255.255.0.0 Router02(config-if)#no shutdown
Do remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router.
Hostname and IP address configuration in Router03
Connect to Router03 console and use the following IOS commands to configure host name as Router03.
Router>enable Router#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router(config)#hostname Router03 Router03(config)#
Use the following IOS commands to open the fast ethernet interface Fa0/0 configuration mode on Router03 and configure IP address as 172.20.0.1/16.
Router03>enable Router03#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router03(config)#interface fa0/0
Router03(config-if)#ip address 172.20.0.1 255.255.0.0 Router03(config-if)#no shutdown
Use the following IOS commands to open the serial interface S0/1 configuration mode on Router03 and configure IP address as 172.19.0.2/16.
Router03>enable Router03#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router03(config)#interface s0/1 Router03(config-if)#ip address 172.19.0.2 255.255.0.0 Router03(config-if)#no shutdown
Do remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router.
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) configuration in Router01
Connect to Router01 console and use the following IOS commands to configure Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) in Router01. Please refer the beginning of this lesson to view the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) configuration IOS command.
In the IOS "network" command, shown below, we specify only the directly connected networks of this router.
Router01>enable Router01#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router01(config)#router eigrp 1 Router01(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0 Router01(config-router)#network 172.17.0.0 Router01(config-router)#exit
Router01(config)#exit Router01#
Do remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router.
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) configuration in Router02
Connect to Router02 console and use the following IOS commands to configure Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) in Router02. Please refer the beginning of this lesson to view the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) configuration IOS command.
In the IOS "network" command, shown below, we specify only the directly connected networks of this router.
Router02>enable Router02#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router02(config)#router eigrp 1 Router02(config-router)#network 172.17.0.0 Router02(config-router)#network 172.18.0.0 Router02(config-router)#network 172.19.0.0 Router02(config-router)#exit Router02(config)#exit Router02#
Do remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router.
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) configuration in Router03
Connect to Router03 console and use the following IOS commands to configure Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) in Router03. Please refer the beginning of this
lesson to view the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) configuration IOS command.
In the IOS "network" command, shown below, we specify only the directly connected networks of this router.
Router03>enable Router03#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router03(config)#router eigrp 1 Router03(config-router)#network 172.19.0.0 Router03(config-router)#network 172.20.0.0 Router03(config-router)#exit Router03(config)#exit Router03#
Do remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router.
How to view the routing table in Router01
After the initial configuration and Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) configuration in all routers, we can use the "show ip route" to view the routing table in Router01

How to Configuring RIP

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Configuring RIP

We are going to demonstrate the configuration of the RIP protocol, which belongs to the distance vector category. So let us analyze it according to our three criteria.

Distance Vector Routing Protocol

The first criteria is how routers discover each other and the answer to that lies in the fact that distance vector protocols will rely on neighbors to tell them the direction or vector toward destinations and how far away those destinations are, and so a routing protocol like RIP will advertise to its neighbors and obtain the information directly from its neighbors, those routers running the same protocol. In that sense, they rely on sort of a chain reaction.

In example, router would need to wait his neighbour routers to advertise to each other in chain. This makes them slower in understanding network changes and it also makes them rely on secondhand information, which also makes them inaccurate. They become even slower, when you see how they exchange information with their neighbors. They will periodically pass copies of the entire routing table. Some of them, like RIP version 1, will actually broadcast this information which is also a very inefficient method.

Source of Information and Discovering Routes

In terms of how distance vector protocols learn the information then, we were talking about periodic advertisements of the entire routing table coming from directly connected neighbors. Some of the information though is remote and so that is why they rely on secondhand information. The figure illustrates the chain reaction that would have to happen for A to learn about networks known to C. The exchange is periodic and it includes the complete routing table, so even if the topology does not change, routers keep telling each other about the same thing.

RIP Overview

Other features of RIP result from our third criteria, how the protocols adjust to changes in the topology. The answer for a distance vector protocol like RIP is very slowly convergence timed or the amount of time it takes for RIP to know about a topology change and select a different path is a matter of minutes sometimes. Also, in order to be more accurate, it tends to be a very conservative protocol and so in the presence of a redundant topology like this one with loops in order to avoid packets from traveling around the network. Following the loop it will set a maximum cost of 15 for any path in the network; 16 is considered unreachable.

Those costs are measured in hop counts or the number of routers to go through along a certain path. This makes it less effective in selecting the best path in the presence of this redundant topology. The one hop path across that slower link will be selected, whereas the three-hop path would be faster but would not be selected. Even though a maximum of 16 equal cost paths can be selected, which is good in terms of load balancing, this routing protocol suffers from some inherent features that make it a less efficient, for example, periodically advertising every 30 seconds.

RIPv1 and RIPv2 Comparison

In an effort to improve RIP, designers came up with a second version of the protocol, RIP version 2. Several improvements were made to make this a classless routing protocol, which means it supports variable length subnet masks because the masks are advertised along with the routing update. This also makes RIP version 2 a protocol that can summarize routes. Other efforts were made to make it more efficient and so the advertisements are made on a multicast address and not as a broadcast.

With more security in mind, the protocol also supports router-to-router authentication, which means routers will not exchange routing information unless they share a common secret. Still, RIP version 2 is a distance vector protocol and it suffers from similar convergence issues. It still frequently advertises every 30 seconds and it still suffer from the maximum hop count of 16 for any network.

IP Routing Configuration Tasks

One of the good news about routing protocols is that their configuration is fairly consistent across the board in Cisco IOS routers. They follow similar steps. You first need to select the routing protocol and enable it in global configuration mode and then define the networks that you want this routing protocol to advertise on and receive advertisements through.

In the end, this is going to become advertisements coming in and out of interfaces, but the configuration is based on the network numbers configured on those interfaces. Remember, some routing protocols are classful and so they will not understand subnets, and this means that by enabling the routing protocol in a certain major network, you may be enabling the routing protocol on multiple interfaces that are simply subnets of the same major network.

RIP Configuration

So as we see here the basic commands to enable something like RIP in certain networks; similar steps will be necessary for other routing protocols. The command router enables the routing protocol process and at this time we are using RIP, but you could be using OSPF or EIGRP with the same command. With that, you enter routing protocol configuration mode.

RouterA#
RouterA#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
RouterA(config)#router rip
RouterA(config-router)#version 2
RouterA(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0
RouterA(config-router)#

For RIP, we are enabling RIP version 2 just to make sure that we are dealing with a classless routing protocol and to obtain the advantages of the more efficient RIP version 2.

The third command defines the networks directly connected to this router that will be participating in the RIP process. Even though RIP version 2 is a classless protocol, its configuration follows a classful criteria and so the network you specify there is a major classful network number.

RIP Configuration Example

So it becomes your job to look at the router’s interfaces, understand the network IDs attached or assigned to those interfaces, and then enable the protocol on those networks. In this example, for router A, this device is attached to networks 10 and 172.16 and so we enable the protocol on those two classful networks. Notice that B is connected only to networks that belong to the major classful network 10 and so we need only one command there, network 10.0.0.0, and that is going to enable the protocol on all interfaces that belong to that network 10, in this case, both serial interfaces.

RouterA#
RouterA#conf t
RouterA(config)#router rip
RouterA(config-router)#version 2
RouterA(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0
RouterA(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0

RouterB#
RouterB#conf t
RouterB(config)#router rip
RouterB(config-router)#version 2
RouterB(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0

RouterC#
RouterC#conf t
RouterC(config)#router rip
RouterC(config-router)#version 2
RouterC(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0
RouterC(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0

There is a similar configuration for router C. Now in that router C, we had another link on network 10 and we do not want RIP running there; we would be running it with that network statement. The meaning of the network statement then is to enable the protocol on any and all interfaces that match the major network specified in the statement.

Verifying the RIP Configuration

Several commands are available to verify the configuration. Other than show running, you can see more live definitions of how RIP is configured and working by using the show IP protocols command. The output shows general information on the current timers being used by RIP and any routing filter that you may have applied. In terms of the network statement, the routing for networks section will display the exact networks that you configured the routing protocol for. So this means that we have two network statements, one for network 10 and one for network 172.16. The impact of that in the case of router A is that those two interfaces are now advertising and receiving advertisement for RIP. Fa0/0 belongs to network 172.16 and S0/0 belongs to network 10; both are sending and receiving RIP version 2 advertisements.

RouterA#show ip protocols
Routing Protocol is "rip"
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 15 seconds
Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240
Redistributing: rip
Default version control: send version 2, receive version 2
    Interface             Send Recv Triggered RIP Key-chain
    FastEthernet0/0       2     2
    Serial0/0             2     2
Automatic network summarization is in effect
Maximum path: 4
Routing for Networks:
    10.0.0.0
    172.16.0.0
Routing Information Sources:
    Gateway         Distance      Last Update
    10.1.1.2             120      00:00:24
Distance: (default is 120)

Displaying the IP Routing Table and Troubleshooting

The main responsibility of any routing protocol is to populate the routing table, and so displaying the routing table is a good troubleshooting and verification approach. The output here belongs to router A again and we can see all the entries or routes being learned via RIP by looking at the first column. This piece will have information on the protocol that advertised the route.

RouterA#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

     172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       172.16.1.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
     10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets
R       10.2.2.0 [120/1] via 10.1.1.2, 00:00:16, Serial0/0
C       10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0
R    192.168.1.0/24 [120/2] via 10.1.1.2, 00:00:16, Serial0/0

If you look at the legend up there, then you will see the different letters associated to each protocol. Through this output, we also know that the administrative distance of RIP is 120 and that the cost to get to that particular destination is the second number within brackets. 10.2.2.0 is one hop away, while 192.168.1.0 is two hops away. The timer there indicates the amount of time since the route was updated. Remember, RIP will advertise every 30 seconds and if it misses one route in one of the advertisements, it will flag it as possibly down.

If you want to see live RIP advertisements, you can use the debug IP RIP command. You can see how in this example for router A the router is sending advertisements on both interfaces to a broadcast destination. It is also receiving updates coming from B on 10.1.1.2 through the serial interface. In both cases, the routes being learned and advertised are part of the output of the command as well as the cost to reach each destination. This is a very powerful tool to verify whether your neighbors are running the protocol or whether they have filters that may be blocking certain networks or whether you made mistakes in enabling the protocols on certain interfaces.

RouterA#deb ip rip
RIP protocol debugging is on
RouterA#
00:16:59.871: RIP: received v2 update from 10.1.1.2 on Serial0/0
00:16:59.875:      10.2.2.0/24 via 0.0.0.0 in 1 hops
00:16:59.875:      192.168.1.0/24 via 0.0.0.0 in 2 hops
00:17:00.747: RIP: sending v2 update to 224.0.0.9 via Serial0/0 (10.1.1.1)
00:17:00.747: RIP: build update entries
00:17:00.747:   172.16.0.0/16 via 0.0.0.0, metric 1, tag 0
00:17:22.779: RIP: sending v2 update to 224.0.0.9 via FastEthernet0/0 (172.16.1.1)
00:17:22.779: RIP: build update entries
00:17:22.779:   10.0.0.0/8 via 0.0.0.0, metric 1, tag 0
00:17:22.783:   192.168.1.0/24 via 0.0.0.0, metric 3, tag 0
00:17:28.907: RIP: received v2 update from 10.1.1.2 on Serial0/0
00:17:28.911:      10.2.2.0/24 via 0.0.0.0 in 1 hops
00:17:28.911:      192.168.1.0/24 via 0.0.0.0 in 2 hops
RouterA#un all
All possible debugging has been turned off
RouterA#

By NIYONGABO Olivier

Tel: +250722833804

E-mail: niyolivier90@gmail.com

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